By Kevin D. Williamson
Tuesday, June 30, 2020
It takes only one.
That is one of the terrible lessons of history. To build
up a community, a city, or an empire can take generations of concentrated
effort by wise and prudent men. To wreck one takes about five minutes. All you
need is the right fool in the right place at the right time.
For Florentines at the end of the 15th century, the right
fool was Piero di Lorenzo de’ Medici, sometimes known as Piero il Fatuo — the
English cognate “fatuous” only partly captures the range of denotations at work
there: vain, conceited, superficial. Piero was all those
things and more, but men of his kind and rank rarely think of themselves as
arrogant clowns — instead, they think of themselves as the other epithet
eternally attached to Piero’s name: Sfortunato, “unlucky.”
Bad luck often is enough to destroy a man. Our lives are
more fragile than we think. But short of an asteroid or an act-of-God disaster
on the level of Pompeii, destroying a community usually takes work.
Vladimir Lenin did not sleep in on weekends and then take a three-hour brunch —
he was hard at work building the great dystopian nightmare that was
20th-century socialism. Adolf Hitler tried to figure out a way to give up sleep
entirely — Europe wasn’t going to just murder itself. History’s worst
monsters were driven. But laziness can do a lot, too, in the way the Colorado
River can carve the Grand Canyon if you give it time enough. Laziness can be
its own kind of neutron bomb, especially if that laziness is abetted by
arrogance and stupidity.
Piero il Sfortunato brought all of those qualities to the
table.
Piero represents a familiar type: the heir of a worn-out
family, the waste of space who is born with everything a man could want except
brains and character. Cosimo de’ Medici, his great-grandfather, represented the
generation that really brought the family to power in Florence, converting the
vast banking wealth piled up by his own father from a mere fortune into a
power. He held a few public offices over the years, as was ordinary for a man
of his station, but with no crown and no grand title he ruled Florence like a
king, relying not on brute force (not usually) but on patronage, negotiation,
and the careful management of the city’s factions and interest groups. He gave
Florence its first public library and commissioned magnificent works of art and
architecture, and made an art of turning other men’s ambitions to his will.
Cosimo’s son and successor lacked his father’s charm and
suavity — his terrible gout made him irritable — but he only had five years to
rule, and did not do a great deal of damage. His greatest offense against
Florence in his short sick years may have been an unintended undermining of its
republican manners: Because he often was confined to bed, he began conducting
state business from his home, summoning the men of the city to his personal
residence like the prince that he was but was obliged to pretend not to be. His
son, Lorenzo, styled “the Magnificent,” stopped pretending almost entirely, and
his home became the effective seat of government.
Lorenzo presided over Florence’s golden age. To borrow a
phrase from Clarence Thomas, he was educated to be his grandfather’s son. He
wasn’t especially handsome (his strapping brother, Giuliano, on the other hand,
is said to have been the model for the war god in Botticelli’s Venus and
Mars) but he had everything else going for him, including the best
education that could be had. That education was supplemented by wide experience
in public affairs from the time of his youth, with Lorenzo being deputized to
help carry out certain diplomatic and commercial affairs. He was disciplined,
intelligent, and discriminating, although not so much that he was above the
fraudulent spectacles associated with politics in his time. Just before he took
over for his father, he won a celebrated jousting competition in front of
adoring Florentines; Niccolò Machiavelli, who observed the match, felt obliged
to report that it was totally, completely, in no way rigged.
But Lorenzo also won victories when the outcome was far
from certain, the most important of which was negotiating a lasting cooperative
peace among the major Italian powers through a pact that just happened to endow
Florence — and so Lorenzo himself — with the greatest share of real power. The
creation of the Italic League was Renaissance realpolitik: Lorenzo was
smart enough to understand that while none of the other Italian powers was
strong enough to dominate Italy on its own, neither was Florence. But the
threat of France gave the Italians a mutual enemy and a powerful motive for cooperation.
It was l’arte dell’affare.
Peace and prosperity, and Michelangelo and Leonardo — not
a bad legacy.
But the kid. The kid was an idiot.
Lorenzo is said to have remarked that of his three sons,
one was good, one was clever, and one was a fool. The good one died young, the
smart one became pope, and the idiot inherited his father’s role in Florence.
Why? Lorenzo knew Piero was a fool, but also described him as a “fighter,” and
Lorenzo thought of succession as binary: It was either the Medici or their
enemies — who were, as far as Lorenzo was concerned, also the enemies of
Florence. From the Medici point of view, Piero may have been an idiot, but he
was their idiot. And that was enough.
Not only was Piero an idiot, but he was an insecure
idiot: He was rich, but not as rich as some of his rivals and extended family,
and being a rich man with a famous name was almost all he really had to offer,
lacking as he did the intelligence and public-mindedness of his father,
grandfather, and great-grandfather. Living up to a father bearing the sobriquet
“the Magnificent” would have been difficult for a better man than the fatuous
and low-minded Sfortunato, but Piero was simply unfit for the position he held.
Kenneth Bartlett describes a familiar enough set of details in his short
history of the period:
It soon became apparent exactly how
limited Piero was. His distrustful nature alienated him from a great many of
his father’s supporters and even members of his own family. His princely
arrogance — really a sign of his own fear and insecurity — further angered the
old republican patrician families who saw the roots of a monarchy developing.
Any advice that counseled accommodation with the old elite or wide cultivation
of the less privileged citizens Piero interpreted as a threat. He saw
conspiracies everywhere, which resulted in his closing his circle of advisers
and officials to a small group dependent completely on him, restricting his
administration to those who expected favors and honors. He raised personal servants
and insignificant guildsmen to important positions.
Piero had been a brawler and a braggart in his youth,
and, like many would-be tough guys, he turned out to be weak and easy to roll
when faced with a fight that wasn’t fixed. (Piero won his jousting tournament,
too.) When King Charles VIII of France decided to march across Italy to claim
the throne of Naples, the powers of the Italic League, in the absence of
Lorenzo’s leadership, began looking to cut deals, and some of them even
welcomed the invasion for their own narrow reasons, believing that their own
political ambitions could be advanced with the support of a foreign power.
Piero did not know what to do. King Charles asked
(“asked”) for Florence’s support, and needed to march across Tuscany to reach
his destination. Piero dithered and then declared neutrality. In response, King
Charles invaded, beginning with a massacre of Florentine troops at Fivizzano.
And so Piero decided to visit the French king in person and negotiate with him,
man-to-man and prince-to-prince. He immediately knuckled under to every French
demand — and these were both costly and humiliating demands — and then
brought the news back to his people, who were infuriated and took to pelting
him and his entourage with rocks. Piero had not only shown himself a coward,
but he also had negotiated without proper authorization.
As King Charles prepared to march his army through the
middle of the city — for no real military purpose, just to dramatize proud
Florence’s powerlessness — Piero tried to put together a military response. But
he already had lost the confidence of his people, and they would not fight for
him.
Many of the people of Florence had turned instead to the
great and fraudulent moral awakening led by the Dominican friar Girolamo
Savonarola, who entranced the people with fake but very exciting
prophecies and denounced the Florentine political and intellectual leaders for
their privilege. Savonarola went about systematically destroying the visual
testimony to that morally offensive privilege in the city’s great public and
private places. Lorenzo’s patronage and cultivation had endowed Florence with a
truly magnificent patrimony of humanistic art, and woke Florentines soon were
burning those treasures in the streets — paintings, tapestries, musical
instruments, and, of course, any books that offended the prohibitory new
sensibility were consumed in a “bonfire of the vanities.” Botticelli is said to
have put a few of his own problematic paintings on the pyre.
Piero was run out of town, and Savonarola took his place,
promising to bring moral leadership to the long-suffering people of Florence,
just as soon as he was done destroying all the offensive art. And the
long-suffering people of Florence, after being disappointed by the friar’s
unfulfilled promise to perform miracles and irritated by his decision to close
down the brothels, hanged Savonarola and burned what was left of him.
Poor Piero! Of course, he couldn’t help being an idiot.
He might not even have been able to help being arrogant, a bully, and a coward.
He was just born that way. And he didn’t make King Charles VIII invade Tuscany!
He didn’t create Savonarola! He couldn’t help it if the other Italian powers
wouldn’t come to his aid! What did they expect him to do? It wasn’t his fault!
He was just unlucky. And he was treated very unfairly. (No doubt he thought so.)
Piero tried to rally his declining supporters a couple of times, and his
attempts were pathetic. So he did what he thought he had to do and allied
himself with his erstwhile enemy, the French, offering to help them win Naples
in exchange for their aid returning him to power in Florence. The French were
routed at the Battle of Garigliano, and Piero — oh, Sfortunato! — drowned in
the Garigliano River while running away.
Not everyone thinks Piero was a total tool. That is a conventional view, but it may not be entirely accurate. A very different account of Piero’s life can be found in Alison Brown’s Piero di Lorenzo de’ Medici and the Crisis of Renaissance Italy. Professor Brown of the University of London describes a Piero who is much more cultivated, intelligent, and engaged than he often is given credit for being. If you are inclined to dig into that question — and why wouldn’t you be? — Brown is a very engaging writer and one of the leading scholars of the period. And the world of the Medici and Savonarola is not very far from our own. When the great Tom Wolfe decided that journalism was no longer sufficient to tell the American story and turned his hand to fiction, the classic novel he produced was The Bonfire of the Vanities. Savonarola may have a new habit, but he’s the same old fraud.
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