By Ronald Bailey
Friday, January 15, 2016
It is almost a truism among psychological researchers
that conservatives are simple-minded and dogmatic. Liberals, meanwhile, are
supposed to be more complex and open-minded thinkers. But a new paper is
calling those conclusions into question.
Writing in the journal Political Psychology, a team of researchers led by the University
of Montana psychologist Lucian Gideon Conway III reports the results of four
studies that together call "into question the typical interpretation that
conservatives are less complex than liberals." It turns out that liberals
and conservatives are both simple-minded, depending on the topic under
discussion.
Using the dogmatism scale devised in 1960 by the
psychologist Milton Rokeach, who defined dogmatism in terms of "closed
belief systems," researchers have generally found a positive relationship
between dogmatism and political conservatism. But while the Rokeach scale is
supposed to be politically neutral, Conway and his colleagues argue that it
actually includes a number of topics for which conservatives generally have a
greater concern, such as religion and national defense. Conservatives who fill
out the scale would more tend to come off as more dogmatic largely because they
are endorsing conservative views.
So for their first study, Conway and his colleagues
modified the Rokeach dogmatism scale by including items reflecting
alternatively environmentalist and religious views. For example, item 7 reads
alternatively: "When it comes to differences of opinion in protecting the environment/religion we
must be careful not to compromise with those who believe differently from the
way we do."
Several hundred undergraduates (the traditional psych lab
rats) filled out questionnaires that sorted them using a 7-point scale along
the usual American bipolar liberal-conservative political continuum. They then
administered the standard Rokeach scale along with their modified versions.
Sure enough, the standard dogmatism test found conservatives to be more
dogmatic than liberals. Once again, conservatives are simpleminded ideologues.
Or are they?
Comparing the religion-dogmatism scale with the regular
Rokeach scale, the researchers found essentially no differences in conservative
dogmatism on either scale. This strongly bolsters the claim that Rokeach
dogmatism scale is biased toward finding conservatives dogmatic.
The more interesting and telling results were found when
comparing the liberal and conservative results derived from the
environmentalism and religion dogmatism scales. The researchers report,
"Conservatives are indeed more dogmatic on the religious domain; but
liberals are more dogmatic on the environmental domain." In fact, they
note that "the highest score for simplicity was for liberals" (emphasis theirs).
They note that liberals scored high for dogmatism in
response to these three items:
9. There are two kinds of people in this world: those who are for the
truth that the planet is warming and those who are against that obvious truth.
3. When it comes to stopping global warming, it is better to be a dead
hero than a live coward.
10. A person who thinks primarily of his/her own happiness, and in so
doing disregards the health of the environment (for example, trees and other
animals), is beneath contempt.
The researchers point out, "Those are not just
statements about having an environmental
position: They are explicitly and overwhelmingly dogmatic statements. And liberals are more likely to agree with
such sentiments—for an environmental domain." The liberal respondents are
not just asserting "'I am an environmentalist' but rather 'all people who
disagree with me are fools.'"
Conway and his colleagues also discuss the results of
three other studies that try to compare the integrative complexity of liberal and
conservative thought processes. Integrative complexity is the degree to which
individuals consider divergent perspectives and take into account the
connections between them. Again, most psychological research finds that
conservatives are less able and less willing to think about issues from
different points of view.
In one study, the researchers analyzed the responses of
nearly 1,500 undergraduates sorted along the usual liberal-conservative
continuum to a questionnaire asking them to think about various social and
political issues. Their answers were then coded for integrative complexity and
compared. It turns out that conservatives showed more complexity when dealing
with topics like the death penalty, socialism, and refugees. Liberal responses
were more complex when considering pre-marital sex, biblical truth, and
alcohol. Overall, they report that liberals showed no greater complexity in
thinking than conservatives did.
A similar study analyzed liberal and conservative
responses to a 30-item questionnaire. Again, conservatives exhibited more
complex thinking on some topics, including open-door immigration, smoking,
castration, and easy access to birth control. Liberals were complex when
discussing organized religion, abortion on demand, making racial discrimination
illegal, and being assertive.
The researchers also found that both liberals and
conservatives hold stronger attitudes for the topics on which they are more
simple-minded.
Their final study analyzed the integrative complexity of
arguments on 15 different topics made by President George W. Bush and his
Democratic rival, John Kerry, during 2004's presidential debates. They randomly
selected five paragraphs on each topic from the candidates. The results are
that Bush expressed more complex thinking than Kerry on religion, terrorism,
stem cells, health care, and affirmative action. Kerry, on the other hand, was
complex than Bush on Iraq, general foreign policy, economic issues, abortion,
and education.
Ultimately, the researchers report that both liberals and
conservatives are almost equally simple-minded when it comes to topics about
which they feel strongly. On the basis of their studies, Conway and his
colleagues conclude, "It may be that liberals are, as many have
claimed...pulled towards complexity more than conservatives: But we think such
a judgment is premature."
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