By John Daniel Davidson
Thursday, December 10, 2015
The mass shooting in San Bernardino last week should have
confirmed what many Americans still refuse to accept: we can’t defeat ISIS.
That doesn’t mean we couldn’t destroy ISIS as an
organization. A modest deployment of troops and materiel in Syria and Iraq
would be sufficient. President Obama, in his determination to secure a legacy
as the president who got us out of Iraq, refuses to do this. But it could be
done.
That still wouldn’t solve the real problem, which isn’t
ISIS’s territory but its ideology. ISIS would give way to another group,
perhaps a resurgent al-Qaeda or maybe something worse. From the many-headed
hydra of Islamic extremism would come a new threat, aimed at the West and at
moderate Muslims in the Middle East and elsewhere, and we would once again be
debating whether to deploy troops abroad.
The violent interpretation of Islam that animates groups
like ISIS—and individual Muslims like Syed Farook and his wife Tashfeen Malik,
the San Bernardino shooters—is not going away simply because we defeat ISIS on
the battlefield, or proclaim, as Obama did Sunday night, that it “does not
speak for Islam.” Our president is no more qualified to decide which Muslim
groups espouse a correct interpretation of Islam than is our Secretary of State
John Kerry, who on Sunday called members of ISIS “apostates.”
No. American political leaders, like pundits, are not in
a position to weigh the doctrinal merits of ISIS. If ISIS is going to be
defeated, Muslims themselves must do it—not just with bullets and bombs, but
with a version of their faith that rejects political Islam and jihadist
violence once and for all.
Many Muslims
Aren’t Moderate
That won’t be easy, because the virtue of radical Islam,
and ISIS, is disputed among Muslims across the world. True, the vast majority
of the world’s 1.6 billion Muslims might reject Islamic supremacist ideology of
the kind ISIS preaches, but there are tens of millions (perhaps far more) who
embrace some version of it.
One recent poll from Pew illustrated the enormity of the
challenge facing moderates. The poll asked Muslims in eleven countries with
significant Muslim populations their opinion of ISIS. While majorities in every
country except Pakistan had an unfavorable view of the group, a significant
portion of respondents expressed favor (Turkey, 8 percent; Malaysia, 11
percent; Nigeria, 14 percent). Turkey, a country of nearly 75 million, is 98.6
percent Muslim, which means about 6 million Muslims in Turkey have a favorable
view of ISIS.
In Pakistan, which is 96.4 percent Muslims, the results
were even more shocking. Nine percent expressed a favorable view of ISIS, while
62 percent responded, “don’t know.” That means more than 70 percent of those
polled, in a country with more than 175 million Muslims, were unwilling to
express an unfavorable view of ISIS.
These poll numbers fit with a 2013 Pew poll of Muslim
attitudes on a range of issues. In Egypt, 29 percent agreed that suicide
bombing in defense of Islam is “often/sometimes justified.” That share
represents more than 23 million people.
Islam Is Not a
Monolithic Religion
Obama claims ISIS does not speak for Islam, but no one
body or institution speaks for Islam. Muslims do not have the equivalent of a
Catholic Pope or a Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith to settle
doctrinal disputes.
But it’s hard to believe the president when you hear
about men like Maulana Abdul Aziz, chief cleric of Islamabad’s Red Mosque. Last
December, Aziz, who has no direct connection to the leadership of ISIS, made it
clear that he and his followers respect ISIS and that “we support the
organization which wants to implement the Islamic system.”
As it happens, authorities now believe Tashfeen Malik had
some connection to Aziz’s mosque in her native Pakistan, where last November
students at Jamia Hafsa, the mosque’s female seminary, released a video
declaring their support for ISIS and asking Pakistani militants to join up with
the group. On December 2, around the time of the attack, Malik posted a similar
message on Facebook declaring her allegiance to ISIS and its leader, Abu Bakr
al-Baghdadi.
All of which to say: Malik and Farook were not
“self-radicalized,” they were radicalized by a specific Islamic doctrines that
are compelling to millions of Muslims worldwide. The struggle against ISIS is
therefore much more than a question of military tactics. It’s a question of ideas,
of what the best version of Islam is, or is going to be in the future.
Certain ideas about Islam, after all, led Farook and
Malik to stockpile thousands of rounds of ammunition, amass the tools and
wherewithal to build pipe bombs, legally purchase semiautomatic rifles, leave
behind their infant daughter, and launch an attack on unarmed Americans at a
holiday office party. Those ideas can’t be dismissed lightly by political
leaders with an agenda; they’re stronger than politics because they strike at
the heart of how a person understands the world, God, and the purpose of his life.
Right Now, Muslim
Leaders Aren’t Standing Up
Alas, moderate Muslim leaders in America don’t appear to
be up for engaging in a war of ideas about their faith. Almost immediately
after the attack in San Bernardino, Hussam Ayloush, executive director of the
Council on American-Islamic Relations in the greater Los Angeles area,
expressed bafflement about the shooters’ possible motives, surmising it could
be anything from a workplace grievance to mental illness to some kind of
“twisted ideology.”
He didn’t mention that perhaps Farook and his wife—along
with the Pakistani cleric Aziz, Michigan-based cleric Ahmad Musa Jibril, and
dozens of Saudi Arabian clerics—support ISIS and believe its version of
political Islam is correct. But if moderate Muslims hope to discredit the
“twisted ideology” of ISIS among their fellow Muslims, they’ll need to start
talking openly about the doctrines and worldview that accompanies it.
They will have to explain, to other Muslims and to a
candid world, why political Islam and its various strains of apocalyptic
teachings are a thing of the past. They will have to articulate what Islam’s
future should be. This will be a generational, global struggle among
Muslims—and it won’t be accomplished during the tenure of any one American
president.
One might compare what faces Islam today to what Christianity
faced in the fourth century in the form of Arianism, a teaching that denied the
full divinity of Christ and held that Jesus was not God by nature but a
creature susceptible to change. By denying the Trinity and positing a rational
relationship between the Father and the Son, Arianism had a certain political
appeal for a string of Roman emperors who were more concerned with preserving
the unity of the church—and therefore the empire—than with theological
distinctions about the nature of Christ.
It would take centuries to purge Christianity of the
Arian heresy. At one point, it officially dominated the Roman Empire. But in
the end, Trinitarian theology prevailed, in part because Christian leaders knew
the Arian teaching that Christ was merely an exalted creature would ultimately
destroy the gospel. The opponents of Arianism, in other words, knew they were
fighting for the very soul of their religion.
So too with Muslims today. ISIS isn’t just fighting for
territory, it’s fighting for Islam’s future. If moderate Muslims have a
different and better vision for their religion, they’d better start fighting
back.
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