By David R. Shedd & Ivana Stradner
Wednesday, December 09, 2020
While conventional military conflicts between large
powers appear to be out of fashion — along with formal declarations of war —
Russia has been waging a silent, “hybrid war” against the U.S. for years.
Russian President Vladimir Putin’s goal: to influence American minds.
Christopher Krebs, the recently fired director of the
U.S. Cybersecurity and Infrastructure Security Agency (CISA), stated
after Election Day that there was “no evidence any foreign adversary was
capable of preventing Americans from voting or changing vote tallies.” He
missed the point. The real issue is not that our enemies are trying to prevent
Americans from voting — though that is certainly of concern. Putin is less
likely to revel in a victory by either presidential candidate than to celebrate
the fact that election results are being disputed in many states, with legal
challenges brought before judges for resolution.
Based on 2016 evidence, Russian attempts to interfere
with voter-registration lists and to promote voter fraud cannot be discounted.
But in the 2020 presidential election, Putin’s primary aim was neither to hurt
Biden, nor to aid Trump. We can ascertain
today that his primary goal was to polarize the country, and to sow distrust
and social chaos to undermine the confidence of Americans in each other and in
their democratic process. A polarized, disunited America will help Putin end
American dominance of a unipolar world and reestablish Russia as a global
power. Russian operatives have been using old Soviet strategies to exploit
racial division and stir protests in the U.S. by peddling disinformation
about America’s racial injustices. The Kremlin has been successful in
infiltrating, for example, both white nationalist and Black Lives Matter
groups. Within such groups, Russia pushes inflammatory rhetoric, causing many
Republicans and Democrats to question the
fundamental structure of and confidence in their democratic institutions.
The response from the Justice Department and U.S.
law-enforcement officials has been narrow in scope; thus far, it’s amounted to imposing sanctions
on four known Russian agents for their alleged election-tampering efforts, and charging
an employee of a Russian troll factory known as the “Internet Research
Agency” with “criminal conspiracy to defraud the United States” (related to
election influence). These cases notwithstanding, Putin is clearly winning
Russia’s hybrid war against the U.S. because Americans don’t understand how
they are being manipulated.
One of the main difficulties in countering malign Russian
influence stems from divergent understandings of hybrid warfare. Russia
considers hybrid warfare a form of conflict which includes strategic uses of
economic, diplomatic, and influence operations, along with the use of military
forces and espionage. By contrast, the U.S thinks of hybrid warfare as actions
or tactics used before a conventional war. While the U.S. thinks it is
managing pre-conflict aggression, Russia already considers itself in the midst
of a strategic battle disguised as competitive aggression.
Since the 2016 elections, America’s intelligence agencies
have repeatedly warned about the threats to American elections posed by foreign
states such as Russia. A 2017 Intelligence
Community Assessment highlighted the efforts of foreign states who try to
“shift U.S. policies, increase discord . . . and undermine the American
people’s confidence in the democratic process.” In 2018, NBC News reported that
U.S. intelligence had substantial evidence that Russian-backed operatives
successfully targeted voter-registration systems in all 50 states prior to the
2016 election. More recently, Bill Evanina, who directs the National
Counterintelligence and Security Center, revealed that Russia used various
methods to “denigrate former Vice President Biden.” The FBI and CISA also warned
of foreign disinformation prior to recent elections, and U.S. intelligence
agencies pointed
to Russia, China, and Iran as the primary culprits in these malicious efforts.
Washington needs to be clear-eyed about the Kremlin’s
hybrid warfare operations, and must begin to anticipate Putin’s intentions and
identify ways to defend U.S. vulnerabilities. Additionally, the U.S. needs to
counter Russian cyberattacks and dissemination of fake news globally.
The U.S. should confront Russia with evidence of their malign behavior, and
significantly increase information-sharing with friends and allies. This
includes working closely with the EU’s Special Committee on Foreign
Interference and the European External Action Service, and assisting with the
establishment a new specialized and coordinated agency for countering Russian
disinformation. Former Defense secretary Mark Esper correctly noted that
winning cyberspace requires an offensive
strategy: The U.S. should not shy away from employing its offensive cyber
capabilities against Russia. Cost-benefit analyses seem to indicate that the Kremlin
recoils — or is routed — when Washington pushes back. The U.S.’s covert
cyberattack against Russia’s Internet Research Agency in 2018 during U.S.
midterm elections is a perfect case in point.
The most significant step Washington can take, however,
is to raise the level of international awareness concerning Russia’s relentless
use of disinformation to manipulate open societies. Putin’s nefarious actions
thrive on silence, and the current, muted international discourse on the matter
represents a victory for the Kremlin. If Russia considers such meddling an act
of “hybrid war” on its own terms, the U.S. would do well to address these
efforts with commensurate vigor by calling out Russian disinformation publicly
and taking retaliatory actions whenever possible.
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