By Harry R. Jackson, Jr.
Tuesday, February 25, 2014
As someone who is often asked to speak my opinion on
radio or television, I know that sound-bites can bring powerful results, either
positive or negative. Take for example the words of Rev. Fred Lucas Jr., the
chaplain for the New York City sanitation department, which he prayed at the
recent inauguration of Mayor Bill de Blasio, “Let the plantation called New
York City be the city of God, a city set upon the hill, a light shining in
darkness.”
The imagery of New York as bastion of modern slavery
shocked people from both sides of the political aisle. Democratic leader Betty
Ann Canizio of Brooklyn tweeted: “I find these speakers offensive. Didn’t know
we had a plantation.”
I am very familiar with the rhetoric that Rev. Lucas
employed, and let me say first that I agree with what I believe to be the
sentiment of his prayer. Of course we all want our cities to become beacons of
light to others. Still, I think it does a disservice to our ancestors who lived
through actual chattel slavery (and to those who are living through it now in
various parts of the world) to compare life in modern America to what they
suffered.
The Rev. Clinton M. Miller of Brown Memorial Baptist
Church in Brooklyn explained that Lucas’s plantation analogy was meant to
“paint a picture that there’s still a lot of inequality in the city.” Miller
told the New York Times, “Clearly, he didn’t mean that it was a literal
plantation. There’s been a growing chasm, not only of rich and poor, but of the
rich and the average working family.”
President Obama himself echoed these sentiments—if in a
much less divisive way—during his most recent State of the Union Address when
he claimed, “Inequality has deepened. Upward mobility has stalled.” And opinion
polls would indicate that many Americans seem to agree. According to a recent
Gallup poll, just 54% of Americans feel satisfied with “Americans’
opportunities to get ahead by working hard,” down from a 77% satisfaction rate
in 2002 and a 70% satisfaction rate in 2007.
But a team of researchers led by Raj Chetty of Harvard
University recently released a study demonstrating that “Contrary to popular
perception, economic mobility [in the United States] has not changed
significantly over time.” Ironically, their study also showed that densely
populated cities—like New York—with wide access to mass transit had much higher
levels of upward mobility than cities like Atlanta that lacked these.
Chetty and his team also discovered other traits which
made certain regions of the country more favorable to upward mobility than
others. These characteristics included good schools, the presence of mixed
income neighborhoods and a higher percentage of intact, two-parent families. It
would seem that encouraging the development of these features would be a good
way to encourage economic opportunity.
However, the kinds of policies being proposed by
President Obama and Mayor de Blasio will likely involve greater taxes on the
wealthy to be redistributed to the poor in various forms. Yet according to the
New York Times’ discussion of the economic mobility study, “The researchers
concluded that larger tax credits for the poor and higher taxes on the affluent
seemed to improve income mobility only slightly.”
Inequality bothers most Americans. If we are living
comfortable lives, we find it upsetting that people down the street or a few
neighborhoods away are living in squalid conditions or struggling to make ends
meet. This indicates healthy compassion for our neighbors. But some of us are
plagued by a gnawing sense that wealthy individuals do not deserve their money.
This is why a chaplain could consider the “chasm” between wealthy individuals
and the poor tantamount to slavery, even if the actual living conditions of the
poor are much better than those of slaves. This indicates envy, or as the Bible
frequently calls it, covetousness.
Oddly, we appear to be more concerned with rectifying
inequality than raising actual the standard of living for the poorest among us.
Several studies echo the findings of the Yale University paper Does Envy
Destroy Social Fundamentals? The Impact of Relative Income Position on Social
Capital (Justina A.V. Fischer and Benno Torgler), which explains that because
of envy, many people would prefer to make a lower salary if they are surrounded
by people who have less, than to make higher salary and be surrounded by people
who have more.
As Americans, we should work to improve the standard of
living of our poorest citizens, but too often we settle for merely punishing
the economically productive. This may placate our resentment of the successful,
but it does little to actually help the poor. There is a reason that God made
covetousness a serious enough sin to be listed in the Ten Commandments. We need
to develop policies that encourage upward mobility, not policies which merely
drag the wealthy down. “Thou shalt not envy” … now there’s a sound-bite!
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