By Jack Kerwick
Sunday, September 08, 2013
As Congress and the President debate over whether America
should “intervene” in—i.e. launch war against—Syria, self-declared
conservatives would be well served to revisit their political tradition’s
stance on war generally.
Neoconservatism, the political orientation underwriting
the anything-but- humble foreign policy of President George W. Bush, is most
definitely not conservatism—a truth acknowledged unapologetically by none other
than Irving Kristol, the “Godfather” of neoconservatism and the person
responsible for having given it its name. Classical or traditional
conservatism, in stark contrast, is actually quite dovish, even if it is in no
ways compatible with pacifism.
Conservatives didn’t need Sherman to inform them of war’s
hellish nature, its death and destruction. That all war entails the killing of
human beings, and not infrequently the killing of innocent human beings, as
well as the destruction of other goods that invest human life with value, does
not preclude the possibility of just wars. It does, however, mean that decent
people can wage war if and only if all other options have been thoroughly
exhausted.
This is the first, and most obvious, reason that
conservatives have been slow to enter war.
Secondly, human reason has none of the omniscience that
we all too frequently attribute to it. The best laid plans of men often run
aground on the unforeseen obstacles that life throws up. Our intentions have
unintended consequences. Whatever our goals, however noble they may be, the
pursuit of those goals can easily give rise to evils even greater than those
that we’re trying to uproot.
In other words, that, say, Saddam Hussein and Bashar
al-Assad are bad people who the human race is better off without is an
insufficient basis upon which to launch war.
The good combat evil, but they will prevail only if they
do so wisely or prudently. This, conservatives have always known.
Thirdly, the 20th century conservative philosopher
Michael Oakeshott noted that since its emergence close to five centuries ago,
that peculiar association that we call “the state” has been interpreted in two
fundamentally different ways. Some have regarded it as a “civil association.”
Others have ascribed to it the character of an “enterprise association.”
The members of a civil association are joined together
by, not a common purpose or shared vision of the good, but a shared “interest”
in the preservation of the laws that compose their association. Laws, as
opposed to orders, commands, or policies, do not tell citizens what to do.
Rather, they tell citizens how they must avoid acting regardless of what they
choose to do.
For example, the law doesn’t tell us that we must or
mustn’t have sex. What it tells us is that if we choose to have sex, then we
are forbidden from doing so coercively. The law forbids rape. Similarly, the
law doesn’t instruct us to kill or refrain from killing. It does, though,
inform us that if we kill, we cannot do so murderously.
In a civil association, there is liberty, for citizens
are engaged in the pursuit of their self-chosen ends—not some grand plan
prescribed to them by their government.
Conservatives have traditionally favored the reading of
the state as a civil association.
In an enterprise association, individuality is
subordinated to the common purpose of the association, a purpose in the pursuit
of which the government takes the lead. As Oakeshott explains, each person is
cast into the role of a servant to the goal or goals for the sake of which the
association is held to exist. “Redistributive justice,” “social justice,”
“economic equality,” and the like are the standard goals or purposes that we
hear most about today.
It is precisely because conservatives have staunchly
rejected this understanding of a state that they’ve been extremely reluctant to
embark upon war, for never is civil association more in peril than when a state
is at war. It is during war that everyone is expected to “sacrifice”—i.e. part
with their liberty, their time, labor, wealth, and even their very lives—for
the sake of “the common good” of “victory.” That collectivists home and abroad
are well aware of this explains why they are forever seeking to assimilate
their pet domestic policies to the language and imagery of war: the War on
Poverty, the War on Drugs, etc.
Self-avowed conservatives must take all of this to head
and heart as they contemplate interjecting their country into but another
Middle Eastern country.
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